Critical Care Guidance for Tracheostomy Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Global, Multidisciplinary Approach.
Identifieur interne : 001185 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 001184; suivant : 001186Critical Care Guidance for Tracheostomy Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Global, Multidisciplinary Approach.
Auteurs : Vinciya Pandian [États-Unis] ; Linda L. Morris [États-Unis] ; Martin B. Brodsky ; James Lynch [Royaume-Uni] ; Brian Walsh [États-Unis] ; Cynda Rushton [Australie] ; Jane Phillips ; Alphonsa Rahman [États-Unis] ; Troy Derose [États-Unis] ; Leah Lambe [États-Unis] ; Lionel Lami [France] ; Sarah Pui Man Wu [Hong Kong] ; Francisco Paredes Garza [Espagne] ; Simona Maiani [Italie] ; Andrea Zavalis [Brésil] ; Kafilat Ajoke Okusanya [Nigeria] ; Patrick A. Palmieri [Pérou] ; Brendan A. Mcgrath [Royaume-Uni] ; Paolo Pelosi [Italie] ; Mary Lou Sole [États-Unis] ; Patricia Davidson ; Michael J. Brenner [États-Unis]Source :
- American journal of critical care : an official publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses [ 1937-710X ] ; 2020.
Abstract
PURPOSE
Critical care nurses caring for patients with a tracheostomy are at high risk because of the predilection of SARS-CoV-2 for respiratory and mucosal surfaces. This review identifies patient-centered practices that ensure safety and reduce risk of infection transmission to health care workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
METHODS
Consensus statements, guidelines, institutional recommendations, and scientific literature on COVID-19 and previous outbreaks were reviewed. A global interdisciplinary team analyzed and prioritized findings via electronic communications and video conferences to develop consensus recommendations.
RESULTS
Aerosol-generating procedures are commonly performed by nurses and other health care workers, most notably during suctioning, tracheostomy tube changes, and stoma care. Patient repositioning, readjusting circuits, administering nebulized medications, and patient transport also present risks. Standard personal protective equipment includes an N95/FFP3 mask with or without surgical masks, gloves, goggles, and gown when performing aerosol-generating procedures for patients with known or suspected COVID-19. Viral testing of bronchial aspirate via tracheostomy may inform care providers when determining the protective equipment required. The need for protocols to reduce risk of transmission of infection to nurses and other health care workers is evident.
CONCLUSION
Critical care nurses and multidisciplinary teams often care for patients with a tracheostomy who are known or suspected to have COVID-19. Appropriate care of these patients relies on safeguarding the health care team. The practices described in this review may greatly reduce risk of infectious transmission.
DOI: 10.4037/ajcc2020561
PubMed: 32929453
Affiliations:
- Australie, Brésil, Espagne, France, Hong Kong, Italie, Nigeria, Pérou, Royaume-Uni, États-Unis
- Angleterre, Caroline du Nord, Communauté de Madrid, Floride, Grand Manchester, Illinois, Maryland, Midi-Pyrénées, Occitanie (région administrative), Pennsylvanie, Virginie
- Madrid, Manchester, Sha Tin, Toulouse
- Université chinoise de Hong Kong, Université de Manchester
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Critical Care Guidance for Tracheostomy Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Global, Multidisciplinary Approach.</title><author><name sortKey="Pandian, Vinciya" sort="Pandian, Vinciya" uniqKey="Pandian V" first="Vinciya" last="Pandian">Vinciya Pandian</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Vinciya Pandian is associate professor, Department of Nursing Faculty, and Outcomes After Critical Illness and Surgery (OACIS) Research Group, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Vinciya Pandian is associate professor, Department of Nursing Faculty, and Outcomes After Critical Illness and Surgery (OACIS) Research Group, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morris, Linda L" sort="Morris, Linda L" uniqKey="Morris L" first="Linda L" last="Morris">Linda L. Morris</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Linda L. Morris is associate professor, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, Illinois.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Linda L. Morris is associate professor, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brodsky, Martin B" sort="Brodsky, Martin B" uniqKey="Brodsky M" first="Martin B" last="Brodsky">Martin B. Brodsky</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Martin B. Brodsky is associate professor, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation, Division of Critical Care and Pulmonary and OACIS Research Group, Johns Hopkins University.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Johns Hopkins University</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lynch, James" sort="Lynch, James" uniqKey="Lynch J" first="James" last="Lynch">James Lynch</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>James Lynch is advanced critical care practitioner, Acute Intensive Care Unit, Manchester University National Health Services Foundation Trust, and National Tracheostomy Safety Project, Manchester, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>James Lynch is advanced critical care practitioner, Acute Intensive Care Unit, Manchester University National Health Services Foundation Trust, and National Tracheostomy Safety Project, Manchester</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Manchester</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Manchester</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walsh, Brian" sort="Walsh, Brian" uniqKey="Walsh B" first="Brian" last="Walsh">Brian Walsh</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Brian Walsh is professor, Department of Health Sciences, Liberty University, Lynchburg, Virginia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Virginie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Brian Walsh is professor, Department of Health Sciences, Liberty University, Lynchburg</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rushton, Cynda" sort="Rushton, Cynda" uniqKey="Rushton C" first="Cynda" last="Rushton">Cynda Rushton</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Cynda Rushton is professor, Johns Hopkins University Anne and George L. Bunting Berman Institute of Bioethics, Department of Nursing Faculty, Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, and Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; and adjunct professor, University of Technology of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Cynda Rushton is professor, Johns Hopkins University Anne and George L. Bunting Berman Institute of Bioethics, Department of Nursing Faculty, Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, and Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; and adjunct professor, University of Technology of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>New South Wales</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips, Jane" sort="Phillips, Jane" uniqKey="Phillips J" first="Jane" last="Phillips">Jane Phillips</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Jane Phillips is professor of Palliative Nursing, and director IMPACCT, University of Technology Sydney.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">University of Technology Sydney</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rahman, Alphonsa" sort="Rahman, Alphonsa" uniqKey="Rahman A" first="Alphonsa" last="Rahman">Alphonsa Rahman</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Alphonsa Rahman is critical care clinical nurse specialist, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Alphonsa Rahman is critical care clinical nurse specialist, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Derose, Troy" sort="Derose, Troy" uniqKey="Derose T" first="Troy" last="Derose">Troy Derose</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Troy DeRose is nurse practitioner, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Troy DeRose is nurse practitioner, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lambe, Leah" sort="Lambe, Leah" uniqKey="Lambe L" first="Leah" last="Lambe">Leah Lambe</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Leah Lambe is nursing clinical coordinator, Rapid Response Team, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Leah Lambe is nursing clinical coordinator, Rapid Response Team, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lami, Lionel" sort="Lami, Lionel" uniqKey="Lami L" first="Lionel" last="Lami">Lionel Lami</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Lionel Lami, University of Hospital of Toulouse, and University Cancer Institute of Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Lionel Lami, University of Hospital of Toulouse, and University Cancer Institute of Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region">Midi-Pyrénées</region><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Man Wu, Sarah Pui" sort="Man Wu, Sarah Pui" uniqKey="Man Wu S" first="Sarah Pui" last="Man Wu">Sarah Pui Man Wu</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Sarah Pui Man Wu, advance practice nurse, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Sarah Pui Man Wu, advance practice nurse, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Sha Tin</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université chinoise de Hong Kong</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garza, Francisco Paredes" sort="Garza, Francisco Paredes" uniqKey="Garza F" first="Francisco Paredes" last="Garza">Francisco Paredes Garza</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Francisco Paredes Garza is critical care nurse, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Francisco Paredes Garza is critical care nurse, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maiani, Simona" sort="Maiani, Simona" uniqKey="Maiani S" first="Simona" last="Maiani">Simona Maiani</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Simona Maiani is head nurse, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, and IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Simona Maiani is head nurse, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, and IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Genoa</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zavalis, Andrea" sort="Zavalis, Andrea" uniqKey="Zavalis A" first="Andrea" last="Zavalis">Andrea Zavalis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Andrea Zavalis is critical care nurse, Enfermeira Intensivista, Manaus, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Andrea Zavalis is critical care nurse, Enfermeira Intensivista, Manaus</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Manaus</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Okusanya, Kafilat Ajoke" sort="Okusanya, Kafilat Ajoke" uniqKey="Okusanya K" first="Kafilat Ajoke" last="Okusanya">Kafilat Ajoke Okusanya</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Kafilat Ajoke Okusanya is critical care nurse, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Kafilat Ajoke Okusanya is critical care nurse, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lagos</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palmieri, Patrick A" sort="Palmieri, Patrick A" uniqKey="Palmieri P" first="Patrick A" last="Palmieri">Patrick A. Palmieri</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Patrick A. Palmieri is vice chancellor for research, Universidad Norbert Wiener; and director of Centro de Salud Basada en Evidencia de Sudamérica: A Joanna Briggs Affiliated Group, Lima, Perú.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pérou</country><wicri:regionArea>Patrick A. Palmieri is vice chancellor for research, Universidad Norbert Wiener; and director of Centro de Salud Basada en Evidencia de Sudamérica: A Joanna Briggs Affiliated Group, Lima</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lima</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcgrath, Brendan A" sort="Mcgrath, Brendan A" uniqKey="Mcgrath B" first="Brendan A" last="Mcgrath">Brendan A. Mcgrath</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Brendan A. McGrath is anesthesiology consultant, University of Manchester, National Health Service Foundation Trust, National Tracheostomy Safety Project, Manchester, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Brendan A. McGrath is anesthesiology consultant, University of Manchester, National Health Service Foundation Trust, National Tracheostomy Safety Project, Manchester</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Manchester</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Manchester</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Manchester</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pelosi, Paolo" sort="Pelosi, Paolo" uniqKey="Pelosi P" first="Paolo" last="Pelosi">Paolo Pelosi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Paolo Pelosi is with Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Paolo Pelosi is with Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, University of Genoa, Genoa</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Genoa</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sole, Mary Lou" sort="Sole, Mary Lou" uniqKey="Sole M" first="Mary Lou" last="Sole">Mary Lou Sole</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Mary Lou Sole is dean of College of Nursing, Orlando Health Endowed Chair in Nursing, and University of Central Florida Pegasus Professor, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Floride</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Mary Lou Sole is dean of College of Nursing, Orlando Health Endowed Chair in Nursing, and University of Central Florida Pegasus Professor, University of Central Florida, Orlando</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davidson, Patricia" sort="Davidson, Patricia" uniqKey="Davidson P" first="Patricia" last="Davidson">Patricia Davidson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Patricia Davidson is professor and dean, Department of Nursing Faculty, Johns Hopkins University.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Johns Hopkins University</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brenner, Michael J" sort="Brenner, Michael J" uniqKey="Brenner M" first="Michael J" last="Brenner">Michael J. Brenner</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Michael J. Brenner is associate professor, Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; president, Global Tracheostomy Collaborative, Raleigh, North Carolina.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Michael J. Brenner is associate professor, Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; president, Global Tracheostomy Collaborative, Raleigh</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:32929453</idno><idno type="pmid">32929453</idno><idno type="doi">10.4037/ajcc2020561</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000124</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000124</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000124</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Curation">000124</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000124</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Critical Care Guidance for Tracheostomy Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Global, Multidisciplinary Approach.</title><author><name sortKey="Pandian, Vinciya" sort="Pandian, Vinciya" uniqKey="Pandian V" first="Vinciya" last="Pandian">Vinciya Pandian</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Vinciya Pandian is associate professor, Department of Nursing Faculty, and Outcomes After Critical Illness and Surgery (OACIS) Research Group, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Vinciya Pandian is associate professor, Department of Nursing Faculty, and Outcomes After Critical Illness and Surgery (OACIS) Research Group, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morris, Linda L" sort="Morris, Linda L" uniqKey="Morris L" first="Linda L" last="Morris">Linda L. Morris</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Linda L. Morris is associate professor, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, Illinois.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Linda L. Morris is associate professor, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brodsky, Martin B" sort="Brodsky, Martin B" uniqKey="Brodsky M" first="Martin B" last="Brodsky">Martin B. Brodsky</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Martin B. Brodsky is associate professor, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation, Division of Critical Care and Pulmonary and OACIS Research Group, Johns Hopkins University.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Johns Hopkins University</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lynch, James" sort="Lynch, James" uniqKey="Lynch J" first="James" last="Lynch">James Lynch</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>James Lynch is advanced critical care practitioner, Acute Intensive Care Unit, Manchester University National Health Services Foundation Trust, and National Tracheostomy Safety Project, Manchester, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>James Lynch is advanced critical care practitioner, Acute Intensive Care Unit, Manchester University National Health Services Foundation Trust, and National Tracheostomy Safety Project, Manchester</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Manchester</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Manchester</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walsh, Brian" sort="Walsh, Brian" uniqKey="Walsh B" first="Brian" last="Walsh">Brian Walsh</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Brian Walsh is professor, Department of Health Sciences, Liberty University, Lynchburg, Virginia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Virginie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Brian Walsh is professor, Department of Health Sciences, Liberty University, Lynchburg</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rushton, Cynda" sort="Rushton, Cynda" uniqKey="Rushton C" first="Cynda" last="Rushton">Cynda Rushton</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Cynda Rushton is professor, Johns Hopkins University Anne and George L. Bunting Berman Institute of Bioethics, Department of Nursing Faculty, Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, and Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; and adjunct professor, University of Technology of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Cynda Rushton is professor, Johns Hopkins University Anne and George L. Bunting Berman Institute of Bioethics, Department of Nursing Faculty, Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, and Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; and adjunct professor, University of Technology of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>New South Wales</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips, Jane" sort="Phillips, Jane" uniqKey="Phillips J" first="Jane" last="Phillips">Jane Phillips</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Jane Phillips is professor of Palliative Nursing, and director IMPACCT, University of Technology Sydney.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">University of Technology Sydney</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rahman, Alphonsa" sort="Rahman, Alphonsa" uniqKey="Rahman A" first="Alphonsa" last="Rahman">Alphonsa Rahman</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Alphonsa Rahman is critical care clinical nurse specialist, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Alphonsa Rahman is critical care clinical nurse specialist, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Derose, Troy" sort="Derose, Troy" uniqKey="Derose T" first="Troy" last="Derose">Troy Derose</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Troy DeRose is nurse practitioner, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Troy DeRose is nurse practitioner, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lambe, Leah" sort="Lambe, Leah" uniqKey="Lambe L" first="Leah" last="Lambe">Leah Lambe</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Leah Lambe is nursing clinical coordinator, Rapid Response Team, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Leah Lambe is nursing clinical coordinator, Rapid Response Team, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lami, Lionel" sort="Lami, Lionel" uniqKey="Lami L" first="Lionel" last="Lami">Lionel Lami</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Lionel Lami, University of Hospital of Toulouse, and University Cancer Institute of Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Lionel Lami, University of Hospital of Toulouse, and University Cancer Institute of Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region">Midi-Pyrénées</region><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Man Wu, Sarah Pui" sort="Man Wu, Sarah Pui" uniqKey="Man Wu S" first="Sarah Pui" last="Man Wu">Sarah Pui Man Wu</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Sarah Pui Man Wu, advance practice nurse, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Sarah Pui Man Wu, advance practice nurse, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Sha Tin</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université chinoise de Hong Kong</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garza, Francisco Paredes" sort="Garza, Francisco Paredes" uniqKey="Garza F" first="Francisco Paredes" last="Garza">Francisco Paredes Garza</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Francisco Paredes Garza is critical care nurse, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Francisco Paredes Garza is critical care nurse, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maiani, Simona" sort="Maiani, Simona" uniqKey="Maiani S" first="Simona" last="Maiani">Simona Maiani</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Simona Maiani is head nurse, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, and IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Simona Maiani is head nurse, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, and IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Genoa</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zavalis, Andrea" sort="Zavalis, Andrea" uniqKey="Zavalis A" first="Andrea" last="Zavalis">Andrea Zavalis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Andrea Zavalis is critical care nurse, Enfermeira Intensivista, Manaus, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Andrea Zavalis is critical care nurse, Enfermeira Intensivista, Manaus</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Manaus</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Okusanya, Kafilat Ajoke" sort="Okusanya, Kafilat Ajoke" uniqKey="Okusanya K" first="Kafilat Ajoke" last="Okusanya">Kafilat Ajoke Okusanya</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Kafilat Ajoke Okusanya is critical care nurse, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Kafilat Ajoke Okusanya is critical care nurse, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lagos</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palmieri, Patrick A" sort="Palmieri, Patrick A" uniqKey="Palmieri P" first="Patrick A" last="Palmieri">Patrick A. Palmieri</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Patrick A. Palmieri is vice chancellor for research, Universidad Norbert Wiener; and director of Centro de Salud Basada en Evidencia de Sudamérica: A Joanna Briggs Affiliated Group, Lima, Perú.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pérou</country><wicri:regionArea>Patrick A. Palmieri is vice chancellor for research, Universidad Norbert Wiener; and director of Centro de Salud Basada en Evidencia de Sudamérica: A Joanna Briggs Affiliated Group, Lima</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lima</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcgrath, Brendan A" sort="Mcgrath, Brendan A" uniqKey="Mcgrath B" first="Brendan A" last="Mcgrath">Brendan A. Mcgrath</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Brendan A. McGrath is anesthesiology consultant, University of Manchester, National Health Service Foundation Trust, National Tracheostomy Safety Project, Manchester, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Brendan A. McGrath is anesthesiology consultant, University of Manchester, National Health Service Foundation Trust, National Tracheostomy Safety Project, Manchester</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Manchester</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Manchester</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Manchester</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pelosi, Paolo" sort="Pelosi, Paolo" uniqKey="Pelosi P" first="Paolo" last="Pelosi">Paolo Pelosi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Paolo Pelosi is with Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Paolo Pelosi is with Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, University of Genoa, Genoa</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Genoa</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sole, Mary Lou" sort="Sole, Mary Lou" uniqKey="Sole M" first="Mary Lou" last="Sole">Mary Lou Sole</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Mary Lou Sole is dean of College of Nursing, Orlando Health Endowed Chair in Nursing, and University of Central Florida Pegasus Professor, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Floride</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Mary Lou Sole is dean of College of Nursing, Orlando Health Endowed Chair in Nursing, and University of Central Florida Pegasus Professor, University of Central Florida, Orlando</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davidson, Patricia" sort="Davidson, Patricia" uniqKey="Davidson P" first="Patricia" last="Davidson">Patricia Davidson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Patricia Davidson is professor and dean, Department of Nursing Faculty, Johns Hopkins University.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Johns Hopkins University</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brenner, Michael J" sort="Brenner, Michael J" uniqKey="Brenner M" first="Michael J" last="Brenner">Michael J. Brenner</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Michael J. Brenner is associate professor, Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; president, Global Tracheostomy Collaborative, Raleigh, North Carolina.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Michael J. Brenner is associate professor, Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; president, Global Tracheostomy Collaborative, Raleigh</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">American journal of critical care : an official publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses</title><idno type="eISSN">1937-710X</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>PURPOSE</b></p><p>Critical care nurses caring for patients with a tracheostomy are at high risk because of the predilection of SARS-CoV-2 for respiratory and mucosal surfaces. This review identifies patient-centered practices that ensure safety and reduce risk of infection transmission to health care workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>METHODS</b></p><p>Consensus statements, guidelines, institutional recommendations, and scientific literature on COVID-19 and previous outbreaks were reviewed. A global interdisciplinary team analyzed and prioritized findings via electronic communications and video conferences to develop consensus recommendations.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b></p><p>Aerosol-generating procedures are commonly performed by nurses and other health care workers, most notably during suctioning, tracheostomy tube changes, and stoma care. Patient repositioning, readjusting circuits, administering nebulized medications, and patient transport also present risks. Standard personal protective equipment includes an N95/FFP3 mask with or without surgical masks, gloves, goggles, and gown when performing aerosol-generating procedures for patients with known or suspected COVID-19. Viral testing of bronchial aspirate via tracheostomy may inform care providers when determining the protective equipment required. The need for protocols to reduce risk of transmission of infection to nurses and other health care workers is evident.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSION</b></p><p>Critical care nurses and multidisciplinary teams often care for patients with a tracheostomy who are known or suspected to have COVID-19. Appropriate care of these patients relies on safeguarding the health care team. The practices described in this review may greatly reduce risk of infectious transmission.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="Publisher" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32929453</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>15</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1937-710X</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>Sep</Month><Day>15</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>American journal of critical care : an official publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Am. J. Crit. Care</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Critical Care Guidance for Tracheostomy Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Global, Multidisciplinary Approach.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>e1-e12</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.4037/ajcc2020561</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="PURPOSE" NlmCategory="OBJECTIVE">Critical care nurses caring for patients with a tracheostomy are at high risk because of the predilection of SARS-CoV-2 for respiratory and mucosal surfaces. This review identifies patient-centered practices that ensure safety and reduce risk of infection transmission to health care workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS">Consensus statements, guidelines, institutional recommendations, and scientific literature on COVID-19 and previous outbreaks were reviewed. A global interdisciplinary team analyzed and prioritized findings via electronic communications and video conferences to develop consensus recommendations.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">Aerosol-generating procedures are commonly performed by nurses and other health care workers, most notably during suctioning, tracheostomy tube changes, and stoma care. Patient repositioning, readjusting circuits, administering nebulized medications, and patient transport also present risks. Standard personal protective equipment includes an N95/FFP3 mask with or without surgical masks, gloves, goggles, and gown when performing aerosol-generating procedures for patients with known or suspected COVID-19. Viral testing of bronchial aspirate via tracheostomy may inform care providers when determining the protective equipment required. The need for protocols to reduce risk of transmission of infection to nurses and other health care workers is evident.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSION" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">Critical care nurses and multidisciplinary teams often care for patients with a tracheostomy who are known or suspected to have COVID-19. Appropriate care of these patients relies on safeguarding the health care team. The practices described in this review may greatly reduce risk of infectious transmission.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>©2020 American Association of Critical-Care Nurses.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pandian</LastName><ForeName>Vinciya</ForeName><Initials>V</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Vinciya Pandian is associate professor, Department of Nursing Faculty, and Outcomes After Critical Illness and Surgery (OACIS) Research Group, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Morris</LastName><ForeName>Linda L</ForeName><Initials>LL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Linda L. Morris is associate professor, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, Illinois.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Brodsky</LastName><ForeName>Martin B</ForeName><Initials>MB</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Martin B. Brodsky is associate professor, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation, Division of Critical Care and Pulmonary and OACIS Research Group, Johns Hopkins University.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lynch</LastName><ForeName>James</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>James Lynch is advanced critical care practitioner, Acute Intensive Care Unit, Manchester University National Health Services Foundation Trust, and National Tracheostomy Safety Project, Manchester, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Walsh</LastName><ForeName>Brian</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Brian Walsh is professor, Department of Health Sciences, Liberty University, Lynchburg, Virginia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rushton</LastName><ForeName>Cynda</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cynda Rushton is professor, Johns Hopkins University Anne and George L. Bunting Berman Institute of Bioethics, Department of Nursing Faculty, Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, and Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; and adjunct professor, University of Technology of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Phillips</LastName><ForeName>Jane</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Jane Phillips is professor of Palliative Nursing, and director IMPACCT, University of Technology Sydney.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rahman</LastName><ForeName>Alphonsa</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Alphonsa Rahman is critical care clinical nurse specialist, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>DeRose</LastName><ForeName>Troy</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Troy DeRose is nurse practitioner, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lambe</LastName><ForeName>Leah</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Leah Lambe is nursing clinical coordinator, Rapid Response Team, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lami</LastName><ForeName>Lionel</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Lionel Lami, University of Hospital of Toulouse, and University Cancer Institute of Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Man Wu</LastName><ForeName>Sarah Pui</ForeName><Initials>SP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Sarah Pui Man Wu, advance practice nurse, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Garza</LastName><ForeName>Francisco Paredes</ForeName><Initials>FP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Francisco Paredes Garza is critical care nurse, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Maiani</LastName><ForeName>Simona</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Simona Maiani is head nurse, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, and IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zavalis</LastName><ForeName>Andrea</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Andrea Zavalis is critical care nurse, Enfermeira Intensivista, Manaus, Brazil.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Okusanya</LastName><ForeName>Kafilat Ajoke</ForeName><Initials>KA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Kafilat Ajoke Okusanya is critical care nurse, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Palmieri</LastName><ForeName>Patrick A</ForeName><Initials>PA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Patrick A. Palmieri is vice chancellor for research, Universidad Norbert Wiener; and director of Centro de Salud Basada en Evidencia de Sudamérica: A Joanna Briggs Affiliated Group, Lima, Perú.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>McGrath</LastName><ForeName>Brendan A</ForeName><Initials>BA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Brendan A. McGrath is anesthesiology consultant, University of Manchester, National Health Service Foundation Trust, National Tracheostomy Safety Project, Manchester, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pelosi</LastName><ForeName>Paolo</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Paolo Pelosi is with Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sole</LastName><ForeName>Mary Lou</ForeName><Initials>ML</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Mary Lou Sole is dean of College of Nursing, Orlando Health Endowed Chair in Nursing, and University of Central Florida Pegasus Professor, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Davidson</LastName><ForeName>Patricia</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Patricia Davidson is professor and dean, Department of Nursing Faculty, Johns Hopkins University.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Brenner</LastName><ForeName>Michael J</ForeName><Initials>MJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Michael J. Brenner is associate professor, Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; president, Global Tracheostomy Collaborative, Raleigh, North Carolina.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>15</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>Am J Crit Care</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>9211547</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1062-3264</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><CitationSubset>N</CitationSubset></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>15</Day><Hour>5</Hour><Minute>48</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>16</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>16</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>aheadofprint</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32929453</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">31164</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.4037/ajcc2020561</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>Australie</li><li>Brésil</li><li>Espagne</li><li>France</li><li>Hong Kong</li><li>Italie</li><li>Nigeria</li><li>Pérou</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Angleterre</li><li>Caroline du Nord</li><li>Communauté de Madrid</li><li>Floride</li><li>Grand Manchester</li><li>Illinois</li><li>Maryland</li><li>Midi-Pyrénées</li><li>Occitanie (région administrative)</li><li>Pennsylvanie</li><li>Virginie</li></region><settlement><li>Madrid</li><li>Manchester</li><li>Sha Tin</li><li>Toulouse</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université chinoise de Hong Kong</li><li>Université de Manchester</li></orgName></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Brodsky, Martin B" sort="Brodsky, Martin B" uniqKey="Brodsky M" first="Martin B" last="Brodsky">Martin B. Brodsky</name><name sortKey="Davidson, Patricia" sort="Davidson, Patricia" uniqKey="Davidson P" first="Patricia" last="Davidson">Patricia Davidson</name><name sortKey="Phillips, Jane" sort="Phillips, Jane" uniqKey="Phillips J" first="Jane" last="Phillips">Jane Phillips</name></noCountry><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Maryland"><name sortKey="Pandian, Vinciya" sort="Pandian, Vinciya" uniqKey="Pandian V" first="Vinciya" last="Pandian">Vinciya Pandian</name></region><name sortKey="Brenner, Michael J" sort="Brenner, Michael J" uniqKey="Brenner M" first="Michael J" last="Brenner">Michael J. Brenner</name><name sortKey="Derose, Troy" sort="Derose, Troy" uniqKey="Derose T" first="Troy" last="Derose">Troy Derose</name><name sortKey="Lambe, Leah" sort="Lambe, Leah" uniqKey="Lambe L" first="Leah" last="Lambe">Leah Lambe</name><name sortKey="Morris, Linda L" sort="Morris, Linda L" uniqKey="Morris L" first="Linda L" last="Morris">Linda L. 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